1. Stef emphasized in class that, ideally, ethical inquiry is best understood as a process of A) debate, when the point is to defeat the opponent *B) deliberation , when the point is to discover the best reasons supporting or refuting some position C) both A) and B) C) neither		7. Stef characterized in class (and outlines) cults as systems of norms that *A) frequently require of us to act contrary to morality and reason B) never require of of us to act contrary to morality and reason. C) rarely require of of us to act contrary to morality and reason. D) none of the above
2. Stef argued in class that, unlike cults, the universal religions (such as mainstream versions of Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, etc.) A) frequently require of us to act contrary to morality B) frequently require of us to act contrary to reason and common sense *C) by and large are consistent with both morality and rationality; that is, rarely (or never) require of us to act contrary to morality and reason		8. Stef and Shaw maintain that A) moral norms and legal norms ought to be extensional equivalent (that is, whatever is prohibited by law must also be prohibited by morality and vice versa). B) morality and law must be totally separate (that is, no action may be prohibited both by law and by morality) *C) moral norms and legal norms may overlap partially but not completely D) none of the above
3. According to the concept of morality outlined by Stef in his lectures and outlines, the main kind(s) of internal sanctions that come with morality is/are the following: *A) the feelings of guilt, shame, pride, etc. B) disapproval and anger of others, ostracism C) prison terms and fines D) none of the above.		9. A main problem for Kant's ethical theory discussed in class is that this theory *A) is not very clear about what it means to treat someone merely as a means B) allows someone to be treated as a means C) allows someone to be treated merely as a means D) does not allow anyone to be treated merely as a means E) none of the above.
4. Given an account of morality explained in class, if you know that some norm regulates what we can do with nature and animals A) this norm is not a moral norm *B) this norm can be a moral norm		10. According to utilitarians the consequences of a right action A) can include some negative utility. B) can include some positive utility C) can include short run utility D) can include long run utility *E) all of the above
5. According to the account of rationality and morality explained in class, if the person sacrifices herself for others A) her behavior is irrational but may be morally permissible B)  her behavior is both irrational and immoral C) her behavior may be rational but must be immoral *D) her behavior may be both moral and rational		11. According to consequentialists in order to know that an action is right (or wrong) A) we must know the value of consequences of doing this action B) we must know the value of consequences of the alternative actions C) we must know that justice was not violated *D) A) AND B) E) all of the above.
6. Supererogatory acts A) are morally impermissible *B) are merely morally permissible C) are morally required D) none of the above.		12. The categorical imperative asserts that A) one must always maximize benefits for the client or patient. B) one must always minimize harms for the client or patient. C) one must always maximize benefits and minimize harms for the client or patient. *D) One must not treat any person merely as a means E) none of the above

.

13. A right to free speech is frequently understood to imply that people who have this right ought not to be interfered with (but no one has a duty to help them to "speak"); on this interpretation it is *A) a negative right B) a positive right C) both A) and B) D) none of the above		19. Pluralism was introduced in class as s a view implying that A) many different ethical norms are all equally valid B) both consequentialist and deontological ethical theories are morally correct *C) many different things have intrinsic value D) correct moral decisions fulfill plural standards
14. Negative duties are *A) duties not to interfere with actions of others B) duties to help them C) duties to give them some concrete goods		20. According to Mill and Bentham *A) Pleasure is the only intrinsic good while pain is the only thing intrinsically bad B) there are many different things which are intrinsically valuable (good or bad)  C) neither A) nor B)
15. The following claim is not part of cultural / ethical relativism A) "Right" means "socially approved [by your society]" B) Pick out your moral principles by following what your society approves of C) Such terms as "obligatory", "required", forbidden", "good", "bad", "virtuous", etc. can be defined in an analogous way.  *D) various cultures have various beliefs about moral standards (what is right or wrong) but not all of those beliefs are correct (at most some of those beliefs are correct)		21. According to the class lectures, one plausible interpretation of the claim that "one is not used merely as a means" is this: A) one is not harmed at all B) one has explicitly consented to some treatment *C) (hypothetically) one would consent to being treated in a certain way if one were rational and well informed D) the action is best for all
16. According to Stef's lectures, if we ought to be tolerant (if tolerance is a right attitude), then A) we must be relativists *B) we may be universalists C) we must be utilitarians		22. The articles by Bayles, Barber, Hughes focus on A) the notion of a profession in a very broad sense *B) the notion of a profession in the narrow sense C) professional obligations of business people D) all of the above
17. Universalism implies absolutism, so if someone is a universalist then someone must also endorse absolutism A) true *B) false		23. The main reason for trying to elucidate (define) the concept of a profession is this: A) philosophers are obsessed with precision, they try to define everything B) it's simply good to have a precise understanding of everything *C) if we elucidate this concept, we may understand better the nature of professional morality D) all of the above E) none of the above
18. Universalism is incompatible with A) Belief relativism *B) Cultural / ethical relativism C) ethical absolutism D) both A) and B) E) all of the above		24. The broadest sense of a profession (discussed in class) may be characterized as follows: *A) any paid occupation B) any occupation that requires extensive training which includes an intellectual component C) any occupation that has a professional code D) B and C E) all of the above

GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST!!!

Professional Ethics