INSTRUCTIONS: Please, answer all questions by filling appropriate bubbles on the scantrons distributed in class. Exactly one answer to each question is best and thus true.

1 On the view outlined in class, the predicates "true" and "false" apply to :
A) statements , propositions, and beliefs; B) arguments; C) facts; D) all of the above.

2 On this view, the following may be justified or not:
A) statements (propositions);   B) arguments; C) facts; D) all of the above.

3 On the view outlined in class, the following may be valid or not:
A) sentences; B) statements (propositions);   C) arguments; D) facts; E) all of the above.

4 Suppose that it is true that Stef had a banana for breakfast today. On the account of the truth discussed in class, it's true because
A) Stef said so; B) we have good overall evidence it's true
C) in fact, Stef had a banana for breakfast; D) all of the above.

5 The following is an example of a substance as philosophers use this word
A) water; B) being wet; C Stef; D) This morning, Stef used water to wash himself; E) All of the above

6 The following is an example of a property (feature) as philosophers use this word
A) water; B) being wet; C Stef; D) This morning, Stef used water to wash himself; E) All of the above.

7 The following is an example of a fact as philosophers use this word
A) water; B) being wet; C Stef; D) This morning, Stef used water to wash himself; E) All of the above

8. On the view outlined in class,
A) there are true facts and by opposition there are also false facts.
B) there are true arguments and by opposition there are also false arguments.
C) there are true propositions (statements, beliefs) and by opposition there are also false propositions.
D) all of the above; E) none of the above.

9 Suppose that a certain argument is valid. It means that
A) it must have at least one true premise; B) it must have all true premises; C)  its conclusion must follow from the premises; D) its conclusion must be true.

10 Suppose that a certain argument is sound. You can infer that
A) this argument may be invalid; B) this argument is valid but it may have a false premise; C) this argument has all true premises but it may be invalid; D) this argument is valid and has all true premises.

11 Suppose that some statement is justified for Susan. You can infer that
A) Susan has evidence (good epistemic reasons) for believing that this statement is true;
B) Susan's friends have evidence (good epistemic reasons) for believing that this statement is true but her enemies do not have such evidence;
C) this statement is in fact true; D) none of the above

12 Consider some statement (e.g. the Earth is round). According to the view discussed in class
A) This statement may be true for one person but false for someone else.
B) Whether this statement is true depends on evidence supporting this statement.
C) Whether this statement is true or not depends on consensus in a given culture
D) Whether this statement is in fact true or false does not vary from person to person (even if different people have different beliefs/opinions about this statement).

13 It's plausible to maintain that
A) Some justified statements are false and some unjustified statements are true; B) Every justified statement is true; C) Every unjustified statement is true; D) None of the above.

14 Someone, S, has a prudential reason for believing that some statement (proposition) p is true if and only if
A)  S will be better off when she believes that p is true; B) S has a proof or strong evidence that p is true; C) acting on this belief is beneficial for S; D) all of the above; E) none of the above.

15. Suppose that a very ill person believes that she will recover. As a result, she increases the chances of recovery from 10% to 20%. It can be argued that
A) she has prudential reason to believe she will recover; B) she has evidential reason to think she will recover; C) she has both prudential and evidential reason to think she will recover; D) none of the above

16 Consider the following argument:

1) We'll eat out or we'll see a movie.
2) We'll not eat out.
3) Therefore, we will see a movie.

This argument is A) valid; B) invalid

17 Consider the following argument:

1) If a certain android (e.g., Lt. Data)  is a person, this android has moral rights.
2) This android has no moral rights.
3) Therefore, this android is not a persons.

This argument is A) valid; B) invalid

18 Consider the following argument:

1) If Lt. Data is a person, Lt. Data has moral rights.
2) Data is a person.
3) Thus, Lt. Data has no moral rights.

This argument is A) valid; B) invalid

Notice: the last three questions test your understanding of validity, but not soundness.

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